1. Overview
Due to their broad absorption and emission spectra, titanium-doped sapphire (Ti: Sapphire) crystals have been widely used as a gain medium for high-power lasers, including solid-state and femtosecond lasers, with long lifetime and high thermal conductivity. The crystal structure of Ti Sapphire is hexagonal, with Ti ions occupying octahedral sites and sapphire (Al2O3) as the...
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