Engineers have to carefully design every component of the capsule considering weight, space constraints and functionality. The capsule has to endure intense vibrations, kinetic stresses and thermal loads during launch and landing.

The pressure vessel or crew module forms the main structural component of the spacecraft. It is typically cylindrical in shape to allow maximum internal volume. The pressure vessel is built using a lightweight yet extremely durable materials like aluminum alloys or reinforced composites. It has a strong cover at the top which seals the crew inside during flight. Heat shields are attached at the bottom to protect the vessel during re-entry.

Life Support Systems On Board

Space Capsule carry advanced life support systems in order to provide a safe and habitable environment for astronauts inside. The atmospheric control systems regulate and monitor the oxygen levels, carbon dioxide levels, humidity, temperature and air pressure inside the capsule. Necessary backups and redundancies are built into these systems to handle component failures.

State-of-the-art air revitalization technologies are used to cleanse and recirculate the air by removing CO2 and moisture. Oxygen tanks store high pressure gaseous oxygen that is regulated and supplied to crew members for breathing. Water supplies provide drinking water and also serve other needs like temperature control. Waste management systems collect, store and dispose human waste. Food supplies, medical kits and other consumables are also carried based on mission duration.

Control And Navigation Systems

Advanced command and control avionics are installed in space capsules for navigation, guidance and communication purposes. Computers powered by fault-tolerant redundant systems process sensor data and flight algorithms. Tracking sensors located all around aid in precise orientation and stability. Thrusters are used to effect small corrections and maneuvers in orbit.

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